.....blueprints of a new airport which would have two separate runways and is seen as the most beneficial project that could be carried out in the region especially considering financial, environmental and security implications. This airport would have two runways running parallel to one another which will be in use concurrently. This runway will be built to 4-E specification, which comfortably accommodates all present day commercial plane designs and those whose designs are still in infancy. Aircraft parking spaces, taxi roads as well as several passenger terminal buildings will also be constructed. The major passenger terminal would be where normal passenger activities such as baggage checks, baggage claim for arrivals, ticket processing and passport inspection as well as customs will be carried out. After this, the screened passengers will then make their way to their respective terminals via boarding trains. These will be located all across the airport with openings to every terminal.

Introduction

These are the plans for a new airfield which will have two runways and is seen as the most beneficial project that could be carried out in the region especially considering financial, environmental and security implications (Watabe & Noguchi, 2011). These plans will also feature parking spaces, traffic controls, emergency facilities, passenger terminals and the control tower.

Characterization of the Proposed Airport

This airport would have two runways running parallel to one another and both will be in use concurrently. This runway will be built to 4-E specification, which comfortably accommodates all present day commercial plane designs and those whose designs are still in infancy. The projected yearly human traffic of the airport is 20 -- 30 million travellers. The earmarked site is 1.5 kilometres wide, an estimated 4 kilometres long and at seas level. At the north and east of the site, the landscape slopes down to sea level steeply. In the design, the two planned runways will be 3.8 kilometres long. Separating them will be aircraft packing spaces, passenger terminals, and short strips serving as taxiways. . The major passenger terminal would be where normal passenger activities such as baggage checks, baggage claim for arrivals, ticket processing and passport inspection as well as customs will be carried out (Ashford, Mumayiz & Wright, 2011). After this, the screened passengers will then make their way to their respective terminals via boarding trains. These will be located all across the airport with openings to every terminal. Both runways will have minimum Grade 1 systems which will aid landing in whatever weather condition.

Rationale of the project and the need for a new airport

It is foreseen by experts that air travel can only improve and get better due to the consistent development of more advanced planes with lower fuel and cost of operation requirements. They also believe, that in no time, it will be the undisputed mode of travelling long distances. The gently rising number of vacation and work flights undertaken by people calls for construction of advanced airport buildings and structures to aid the sector (Ballis, 2003).

Description of the airport

As previously stated, two runways will be built in the airport which will be constructed via two major processes in which just one runway will be built per process and fitted with all its needed air and land equipment and facilities. The factor which will determine the development of both runways is the level of traffic and this will bring about the planned rise in travellers transported from the 20 million yearly estimate for stage A runway to 35 million for both Stages A and B.

Runways

• Two runways, 3.8 kilometres long and 60 metres wide with additional 7.5 metres on both sides.

• 60 meters allowance... This 3.8 km runway has all it needs to handle the needs of most planes present today and it contains features which makes it suitable for future aircraft designs.
Following the CASA standards for Aerodrome Reference Code 4F, the planned breadth of the runway will be 60 metres. Additionally, runway shoulders would be installed. The standard length of this following Code 4F will be 7.5 metres, which would join perfectly with the runway and be of equal breadths on the two ends. These shoulders should be built with high grade asphalt which is able to prevent aeroplane engine blast erosion and keep an aeroplane which skids off the runway in motion, without destroying any part of it.

The runway strip is the last factor which the runway width is dependent on. It is 150 metres in length and the runway is located through its middle. The strip is designed to be a safe area for aircrafts and they are built without any form of fixed equipment or structures apart from aircraft guidance lights. These lights are built to be lightweight and they are also not totally fixed; these measures are to assure minimum destruction if it happens that they were hit by a plane. The strip is covered with grass or vegetation with gentle gradients joining with the runway shoulders and it is designed with an extensive drainage network to prevent pooling of rainwater.

Declared distances:

LDN

ASDA

TODA

TORA

RUNWAY

02

20

Taxiways -- These are located parallel to the runway. They have a breadth of 25 metres and 3 exits on each side making 6 total exits. These taxiways are needed by the airplane to navigate between the runway and the airport structures. They must be designed to move the plane around quickly, with little emphasis on distance while elasticity should be enhanced. These taxiways have several contributing forms such as quick exit taxiways and parallel taxiways among several others which have specialized uses.

Apart from the taxiway pavement, there needs to be shoulders on both sides. These shoulders should be 17.5 m wide and should be placed at both edges of the taxiways in accordance with Aerodrome Reference Code 4F aircraft. They must be able to withstand aircraft engine blast erosion (Odoni & De Neufville, 2003). Just like the runway strips, there should be taxiway strips for each taxiway which should be covered with grass and all forms of blockages and objects removed. Finally, a waiting and passing zone should be located at the head of both runways.

Runway paths: These are 3.92 kilometres in length (3.8 + 0.06 + 0.06) and 0.3 km in breadth.

Runway and safety area (RESA) paths: A safe area is needed at the ends of both runways. This area called the Runway End Safety Area (RESA), describes a surplus area which can comfortably support an aircraft which leaves the runway for emergency reasons. The RESA is not considered when the length if a runway is examined. It should be built into the ends of the runway strip as a form of safeguard in case the aircraft overruns or even doesn't reach the runway. Based on CASA guidelines, the RESA should be 90 m long and must not have any form of fixed equipment save for lights and guiders for the pilot which must be lightweight and loosely held to reduce damage if hit by the craft.

Levels of Flight Safety during Takeoff and Landing

A. Southern direction: Distance from the runway head should be 3 km with a slope of 1:50, then a…